References

This page contains academic research and scholarly sources referenced throughout the wiki.

Emotional Intelligence

Foundational Works

Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 9(3), 185-211. - Introduced the first formal definition of emotional intelligence as a distinct form of intelligence

Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ. Bantam Books. - Popularized emotional intelligence and its applications in personal and professional life

Recent Research

Ebert, T., Götz, F. M., Gladstone, J. J., Müller, S. R., & Matz, S. C. (2024). AI models outperform humans in tests of emotional intelligence. University of Geneva. - Study demonstrating that AI systems can score 82% on emotional intelligence assessments compared to 56% for human participants - Source: Neuroscience News

OpenAI (2025). Advances in emotional intelligence for AI: GPT-4.5 enhancements. - Fine-tuning improvements for socially attuned, empathetic AI responses - Source: Cognitive Anthropology of AI

Emotional Regulation

Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 271-299. - Introduced the Process Model of Emotion Regulation, identifying five key intervention points

Gross, J. J. (2015). Emotion regulation: Current status and future prospects. Psychological Inquiry, 26(1), 1-26. - Updated review of emotion regulation strategies and their effectiveness

Body Language and Nonverbal Communication

Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1971). Constants across cultures in the face and emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 17(2), 124-129. - Demonstrated that certain facial expressions are universally recognized across cultures

Ekman, P. (2003). Emotions Revealed: Recognizing Faces and Feelings to Improve Communication and Emotional Life. Times Books. - Comprehensive work on facial expressions and micro-expressions

Important Note on the "7-38-55 Rule"

Mehrabian, A., & Ferris, S. R. (1967). Inference of attitudes from nonverbal communication in two channels. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 31(3), 248-252.

Common Misconception: This study is often misquoted as stating that 93% of communication is nonverbal (55% body language, 38% tone, 7% words).

Actual Finding: The percentages apply ONLY to situations where: - Feelings and attitudes are being communicated - There is inconsistency between verbal and nonverbal channels - The speaker is discussing likes and dislikes

Mehrabian himself has clarified that these numbers do not apply to all communication contexts.

Empathy and Theory of Mind

Baron-Cohen, S., Leslie, A. M., & Frith, U. (1985). Does the autistic child have a "theory of mind"? Cognition, 21(1), 37-46. - Foundational research on theory of mind deficits in autism spectrum disorder

Decety, J., & Jackson, P. L. (2004). The functional architecture of human empathy. Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews, 3(2), 71-100. - Neuroscience perspective on empathy's cognitive and emotional components

Zaki, J., & Ochsner, K. N. (2012). The neuroscience of empathy: Progress, pitfalls and promise. Nature Neuroscience, 15(5), 675-680. - Review of neuroscientific research on empathy mechanisms

Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and conversation. In P. Cole & J. L. Morgan (Eds.), Syntax and Semantics 3: Speech Acts (pp. 41-58). Academic Press. - Introduced the Cooperative Principle and conversational maxims

Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge University Press. - Comprehensive theory of face-saving and politeness strategies in communication

Gates, J. A., Kang, E., & Lerner, M. D. (2017). Efficacy of group social skills interventions for youth with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 52, 164-181. - Meta-analysis of evidence-based social skills interventions for autism spectrum disorder

Reichow, B., & Volkmar, F. R. (2010). Social skills interventions for individuals with autism: Evaluation for evidence-based practices within a best evidence synthesis framework. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(2), 149-166. - Review of effective social skills training approaches

AI and Human Interaction

Perception and Trust

Ischen, C., Araujo, T., van Noort, G., Voorveld, H., & Smit, E. (2020). "I am here to assist you today": The role of entity, interactivity and experiential perceptions in chatbot persuasion. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 64(4), 615-639. - Research on factors affecting human trust in AI chatbots

Gennaro, L., et al. (2025). Perceptions of artificial agents: A comparative study between chatbots and human actors. Frontiers in Psychology, 16. - Study showing users require acclimatization when interacting with AI and may perceive AI empathy as inauthentic - DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1565170

AI Theory of Mind and Intentionality

Thellman, S., & Ziemke, T. (2022). Assigning attributes to artificial agents in human-agent interactions: Insights from the social sciences and philosophy. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. - Explores how humans attribute intentional states to AI systems - DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.954444

Himmelreich, J. (2022). Empersonification: A conceptual framework for AI-as-a-part-of-the-person. AI & Society. - Explores the concept of AI becoming integral to human identity and personhood - DOI: 10.1007/s00146-022-01584-y

Human-AI Collaboration

Masur, N., et al. (2025). Communication spaces: A framework for heterogeneous human-AI collaboration. Frontiers in Human Dynamics, 7. - Proposes frameworks for structured communication between humans and AI agents - DOI: 10.3389/fhumd.2025.1579166

Jonell, P., et al. (2025). Factors shaping the dynamics of human-artificial agent interactions: A multidisciplinary review. Frontiers in Psychology, 16. - Identifies universal factors influencing successful human-AI interactions including adaptability, transparency, and cultural considerations - DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1569277

AI Emotional Intelligence Applications

Sharma, R., et al. (2024). HAILEY: Supporting peer counselors in online mental health communities with AI. Proceedings of CHI 2024. - AI system providing real-time empathy feedback in mental health support contexts - Source: Wisdomia AI

Additional Resources

Books

Goleman, D. (2006). Social Intelligence: The New Science of Human Relationships. Bantam Books.

Gottman, J. M., & Silver, N. (2015). The Seven Principles for Making Marriage Work. Harmony Books. - Evidence-based relationship research applicable to all close relationships

Stone, D., Patton, B., & Heen, S. (2010). Difficult Conversations: How to Discuss What Matters Most. Penguin Books.

Online Resources

American Psychological Association: https://www.apa.org - Professional resources on psychological research and practice

Greater Good Science Center (UC Berkeley): https://greatergood.berkeley.edu - Research-based resources on emotional intelligence, empathy, and social connection

Citation Note

This wiki draws on both peer-reviewed research and established psychological frameworks. While we strive for accuracy, readers are encouraged to consult original sources for detailed information. If you notice any errors or have suggestions for additional sources, please see our Contributing Guide.

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